Protection technology – Aicrp-Fruits

1 Insect pest Management

1.1 Banana

Nematodes

The package developed to reduce the infestation level of nematodes at different centres included paring and pralinage of corms with carbofuran (40 g per sucker). Additionally, soil application of neem cake @ 500 g/plant during planting is has been recommended for the effective management of nematodes in banana.
In high-density system, soil application of carbofuran (120 g/clump) were recommended by Coimbatore centre to reduce the nematode population.
For management of nematodes in banana orchards, growing of Crotalaria juncea (sunhemp) for 45 days before planting and incorporation in the soil has been advocated by all the centres. Alternatively, application of Pseudomonas fluorescens (12.5 g/m²) + Paecilomyces lilacinus (12.5 g/m) at Arabhavi and Pasteuria penetrans (10 g/plant) or Paecilomyces lilacinus (10 g/plant) at Coimbatore was also recommended.
Growing of tolerant cultivar Ney Poovan (Yalakkibale) was also suggested for control of burrowing nematode.

Management of red rust thrips

The Jalgaon centre worked on management of red rust thrips. The control measures consisted of chemical methods like spraying of acephate (0.1125%) at flag leaf stage and at flowering and spraying of acetamiprid (0.0025%) first at flag leaf stage or shooting stage and second spray at seven days after first spray. Alternatively, biological method of control with NSKE (5%) or Phule Buggicide – Verticillium lecanii (2 x 10⁸ cfu/ml) 3g/l was also worked out.
Recent results also indicated that, bud injection of azadirachtin (1%) (5ml/l water) @ 2 ml/bud or imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.3 ml/ 500 ml water) @ 1 ml solution/bud at the emergence of banana flower was superior method to prevent the damage of rust thrips and improve fruit appearance over conventional spraying during fruiting stage. No residue of imidacloprid 17.8 SL detected in banana fruit at harvest after bud injection.

Scarring beetle

Spraying of chlorphyriphos or acephate (0.15%) during October-November and February- March at 15 days interval was recommended to control scarring beetle by Pusa centre. However, at Mohanpur following the above treatment followed by bunch covering was more effective.
	Scarring beetle damage in banana

Banana stem weevil/borer

Stem injection of triazophos (43%) at 2 and 4 feet above the ground, without touching the centre core was recommended as suitable control measure for banana stem weevil by ICAR-AICRP centre at Bhubaneswar. However, at Coimbatore acephate (0.1125 % was effective.
Under Kerala conditions, application of chlorpyriphos (0.03%) or carbaryl (0.2%) and use of pseudostem traps were advocated by Kannara centre.

1.2 Citrus

Leaf-eating caterpillar

Spraying of fenvalerate (0.01%) or quinolphos (0.05%) or acephate (0.05%) or thiodicarb 75WP (0.075%) or Bacillus thuringenesis (0.1%) or carbaryl 50WP (0.15%) or neem oil (0.5%) was advised for control of leaf eating caterpillar at Akola.

Lemon butterfly

Spraying of Bacillus thuringinesis (0.1%) was suggested for control of lemon butterfly in citrus growing locations at Akola, Ludhiana, Periyakulam and Tirupati. Fish oil rosin soap (5g/l) and Beauveria bassiana @ 4 x 10⁶cfu/ml (0.1%) at the appearance of the larvae on leaves were also found effective for the management of lemon butterfly.

Leaf miner

For leaf miner control in acid lime at Akola, spraying of malathion (0.07%) or neem oil (1%) at the time of initiation of the pest incidence was recommended.
For management of Citrus leaf miner at Ludhiana, spraying of thiodicarb (0.75%) or thiamethoxam (0.05%) followed by neem seed powder (1%) or imidacloprid (0.005%) or neem oil (1%) or fenvalerate followed or fish oil rosin soap (5 g/l) was advised.
For effective control of citrus leaf miner in acid lime at Rahuri, two sprays of imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.005 percent (2.5 ml/10 l) at an interval of 15 days or thiodicarb 75 WP 0.075 per cent (10 g/10 litre of water) or acephate 75 SP @ 0.1125 per cent (15 g/10 l) or fenvalerate 20 EC @ 0.005 per cent (2.5 ml/10 l) were recommended.
At Tirupati, the control of leaf minor was achieved with spraying of neem formulation 10000 ppm (5ml per l) followed by thiamethoxam (0.025%) or spinosad (0.002%) at 7 days’ interval.

Fruit sucking moth

Spraying of neem seed extract (5%) or fish oil rosin soap (2%) or Karanj oil (1%) or azadirachtin 1500ppm (2ml/l) or neem oil (1%) was recommended for control of fruit sucking moth in Nagpur mandarin at Akola.
At Rahuri, hand collection of adults in the evening with ‘Mashal’ was effective in sweet orange.
Recent results also indicated that, the poison baits containing Permethrin (0.5 %) + cypermethrin (0.5 %)+phosalone (1 %)+malathion (1 %)+ mosambi juice (10 % +jiggery was effective under Rahuri conditions.

Citrus fruit sucking moth

Citrus blackfly and whitefly

For the effective control of Citrus black fly in sweet orange, two sprays at an interval of 15 days with acephate 75 SP 0.11 % (15 g/10 l) or triazophos 40 EC 0.08 % (20 ml/10 l) was recommended at Rahuri.
For the management of nymph population, two releases of 4 to 6 eggs of Mallada boninensis /shoot during hasta bahar has been recommended for Nagpur mandarin at Akola. Alternatively, azadirachtin (1500 ppm) at 50% hatching of eggs and second spray after 15 days thereafter is ideal in Nagpur mandarin at Akola.
For Kinnow mandarin growers, spray imidacloprid (0.25 ml/l) followed by pongamia oil (1%) or thiamethoxam (0.1 g/l) or acetamiprid (0.1 g/l) followed by neem oil (1%) or profenphos (2 ml/l) or triazophos (0.05%) or acephate (0.1125%) followed by acephate (0.1125%) or pongamia soap (10 g/l) effective for management of citrus blackfly and whitefly. Repeat the spray after 15 days, if required.

Citrus bark eating caterpillar

Spot application of DDVP 76 EC @ 0.05% (7 ml/l) in the bore and closing it with mud or application of petrol swab in larval holes was recommended during October-November for effective checking of bark eating caterpillar in Nagpur mandarin at Akola.

Fruit fly

For management of fruit flies in Citrus, use of 16 mineral water bottles per acre having wooden blocks immersed for 72 hours in solution of ethanol, methyl eugenol and malathion (6:4:1) was advocated at Ludhiana and has been farmers friendly.

Citrus psylla

The control measures developed for citrus psylla at Ludhiana included spraying of acetamiprid (0.1 g/l) followed by neem oil (1%) or imidacloprid (0.25 ml/l) followed by pongamia oil (1%) or thiamethoxam (0.1 g/l) or profenphos (2 ml/l) or triazophos (0.05%) or acephate (0.1125%) followed by neem oil (1%).
However, at Rahuri, two sprays (first spray at the initiation of pest infestation and second 15 days thereafter) of abamectin 1.9 EC (4 ml per10 l) were recommended for sweet orange, which was also effective against mites (Eutetranychus orientalis). Alternatively, foliar application of novaluron 10EC (0.005%) @ 0.5 ml/l or azadirachtin (1%) @ 4 ml/l or petroleum oil spray (5 ml/l) twice at 15 days’ interval coinciding with peak activity of the pest was recommended against citrus psylla up to 14 days in sweet orange (Mosambi at Rahuri and Sathgudi at Tirupati).
Foliar application of abamectin 1.9 EC (0.0007%) or novaluron 10 EC (0.005%) twice at 15 days’ interval during flushing period, with the appearance of nymphs on twigs was also advocated for Nagpur mandarin and Kinnow mandarin in Maharashtra and Punjab respectively.

Aphids

Spraying of imidacloprid (0.25 ml/ l) followed by pongamia oil (1 %) or thiamethoxam (0.1 g l^-1) or acetamiprid (0.1 g) followed by neem oil (1%) or profenphos (2 ml/l) or triazophos (0.05%) or acephate (0.1125%) followed by neem oil (1%) was advised for management of Citrus aphids.
For reduction in the usage of pesticides, spraying of neem formulation 10000 ppm (5ml l^-1) followed by fipronil (0.01%) or thiamethoxam (0.025%) two times at 7 days’ interval was recommended on fruits for control of aphids and thrips at button stage at Tirupati.

Mealy bugs

Spraying of carbaryl (0.1%) or chlorpyriphos (0.05%) or pongamia oil (1%) was advised for management of mealy bugs in citrus at Ludhiana. Further, release of Cryptolaemus beetles @ 20 beetles per tree was effective biocontrol measure for mealy bugs in citrus. While at Rahuri, two sprays at an interval of 15 days with chlorpyriphos (0.05%) were recommended in sweet orange.

Scale insects

For management of scale insect in citrus at Ludhiana, spraying of carbaryl (0.1%) or chlorpyriphos (0.05%) or pongamia oil (1%) was found effective. Biocontrol measure like release of Cryptolaemus beetles @ 20 beetles per tree was also effective.

Citrus mites

For effective control of mites in citrus, two sprays of ethion 50 EC (0.05%) or propargite 57 EC @ 0.057% or neem oil (5%) first at initiation of the pest infestation and second spray 15 to 20 days thereafter, were recommended by Ludhiana and Tirupati centres. For management of the rust mites in citrus, two sprays with the above chemicals at marble stage and 20 days later are recommended for Tirupati, Akola, Ludhiana, Nagpur and Rahuri centres.

Leaf folder

For the effective control of leaf folder (Psorostica zizyphii) in acid lime, two sprays (first at the time of initiation of infestation and second after 15 days) acephate 75 SP @ 0.1125 % (15 g) or imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.005% (2.5 ml) or thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.0025% (1.0g) per 10 litres of water was recommended by ICAR-AICRP centre at Rahuri.

Nematode

Soil application of neem cake (1.0 kg/tree) or cartap hydrochloride (4 G) twice at 6-month interval with first application at ‘Bahar’ and second thereafter were recommended for the effective management of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) infesting sweet orange by Rahuri centre. However, at Tirupati, application of neem cake or castor cake or pongamia cake @ 20 kg per tree once in 6 months was effective.

1.3 Grapes

Sucking pests

For the management of thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis and Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus in grape, two sprays of spinosad 45% SC @ 0.3 ml/l or fipronil 5 % SC @ 1 ml/l or thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 0.25 g/l at an interval of 10 days starting from flowering stage is found to be effective.
Two sprays of buprofezin 25 SC @ 1.25 ml/l at an interval of 10 days is recommended for the management of mealy bug, after appearance of crawler stage in grape. In addition, two sprays of Verticilium lecani @ 5g/l at the appearance of crawler stage is also recommended. Two releases of predatory beetles (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) 1500/ha two times at an interval of 21 days has also been very effective and has been the success story
Destruction of pruned debris in April and October, removal of loose bark and swabbing of vine stem with COC (10g) + carbaryl (6g) + DDVP (3.0 ml) + sticker and mixing of malathion dust (5%) @ 20g per vine after pruning were also found effective measures.
Soil drenching with imidacloprid 70 WG @ 0.45 g/l/ vine twice at 20 and 40 days after forward pruning is recommended against thrips, jassids and mealy bug in grapes at Rahuri and Rajendranagar.

Stem borer

Stem injection of dichlorvos 76 % EC @ 80 ml per live hole during January-February is recommended for management of stem borer, in grape in Telangana state

1.4 Guava

Fruit fly

The control of fruit fly use of methyl eugenol wooden block trap (5 x 5 x 1cm.) in plastic bottle soaked in solution in the ratio of 6:4:1 (alcohol: methyl eugenol: DDVP) @ 10 traps/ha from June to September is recommended for Maharashtra, West Bengal, Uttarakand and Bihar. Replace the lure at 2 months’ interval.

Stem borer

The control of stem borer was achieved by placing cotton swab saturated with insecticide like Quinalphos or Dichlorovos after cleaning the hole by sharp object at Rewa.

1.5 Jackfruit

Survey results indicated that fruit and shoot borers were reported from Jorhat, Kovvur, Mohanpur, Palghar and Periyakulam. Further, the population dynamics indicated that the peak period of infestation was during January and it decreased afterwards up to the month of October. A survey also revealed that fruit rot was the widely reported disease of jackfruit in all surveyed areas.

3.1.6 Litchi

Fruit borer

Application of B. thuringenesis (Kurstaki) @ 2g/l or B. thuringenesis followed by azadirachtin (2ml/l) was recommended to control fruit borer in litchi in Mohanpur and Pantnagar regions.


Egg and larvae of litchi fruit borer

Leaf curl mite

Pruning and burning of all infested leaves and shoots just after harvesting of fruits in the month of June and spraying of dicofol (3 ml/l) twice at flush emergence in September-October at an interval of seven days for the management of litchi mite in Bihar and Uttrakhand.

1.7 Mango

Hopper

Studies on crop loss assessment due to mango hopper revealed that an average of 25.97%–66.08% yield loss was reported due to this pest.

At Pantnagar, first spray of thiamethoxam (0.008%) at panicle emergence stage followed by second spray (21 days after first spray) of profenophos (0.05%) and third need-based spray of carbaryl (0.15%) was suggested (67.16% reduction in hopper population). However, at other places, first spray of spinosad (0.004%) at panicle emergence stage followed by second spray thiamethoxam (0.008%) (21 days after first spray) and third need based spray of neemazal (10000 ppm @ 3mll) also proved effective (5.58 benefit cost ratio).

Prediction model for mango hopper and thrips

The population of mango hopper and thrips during flowering and fruit setting period in general and pea cum marble sized fruit stage of the crop needs to be monitored. If population was found high (economic threshold level of 5 hoppers per panicle and 10 per cent damage due to thrips) due to high humidity, measures like adoption of need based plant protection schedule, application of imidacloprid (0.005%) 2.8 ml or thiamethoxam (0.0008%) are to be adopted to avoid crop loss due to these pests in Paria region.

Fruit fly

The use of traps by hanging of wooden block (5x5x1 cm) in lid open plastic bottle soaked in solution (alcohol: Methyl Eugenol: DDVP in the ratio of 6:4:1) was effective. About 10 traps per ha are required and the traps need to be replaced at bi-monthly interval.
The prevalence of low sunshine and high humidity, rainfall and wind velocity during fruiting and late harvest period was found to influence the abundance of high population of fruit fly at Paria. Monitoring of fruit fly population in mango orchards during April to July in general and second fortnight of June to second fortnight of July is essential. If fruit fly damage persists above threshold level (10 per cent fruit damage), farmers are advised to adopt recommended measures like installation of methyl eugenol or wooden plywood trap @ 10 per ha followed by collection and disposal of fallen fruits during April to July.

1.8 Papaya

Aphids

For effective control of aphids, spraying of chlorphyriphos (2.5 ml/l) or acephate (1.5 ml/l) at 15 days interval during October – November and February – March was recommended by Pusa centre.

Nematodes

The work done on nematodes in papaya at Coimbatore centre resulted in several effective control measures, which are as follows. At nursery stage, application of neem cake @ 100g per bag was recommended. Application of carbofuran (1g/plant) or sebufos (1g/plant) or phenamiphos 2(1g/plant) was found to reduce reniform nematode infestation. Application of Paecilomyces lilacinus (10 g/plant) along with either neem cake (250 g/plant) or FYM (500 g/plant) was also suggested. In addition, combined application of neem cake (250 g/plant), carbofuran (1g/plant) and P. fluorescens (4 g/plant) was suggested as effective measure.

1.9 Sapota

Management of bud borer

Two sprays of plant product like nimbecidine (0.3%) at 20 days interval starting from March is recommended at Gandevi.
Two sprays of any one of the following insecticides are needed during peak flowering at 20 days interval: dichlorvos 0.03% (4 ml in 10 l of water) or lamda-cyhalothrin 0.005% (10 ml in 10 l of water) or a mixture of profenophos (40%) + cypermethrin (4%) 0.044% (10 ml in 10 l of water) or mixture of chlorpyriphos (50%) + cypermethrin (5%) 0.055% (10ml in 10 l of water).

Bud damage in sapota due to chiku moth (Nephopteryx eugraphella) (a, b) & bud borer (Anarsia achrasella) (c, d)

Management of seed borer

For the control of seed borer spray of profenofos 50 EC (0.075%) /novaluron (0.005%%) has been recommended by Gandevi and Palghar centres respectively.

2 Disease Management

2.1 Banana

Eumusae (Sigatoka) leaf spot

Three sprays of propiconazole (0.5ml/l) + petroleum based mineral oil (10ml/l) at 25 days’ interval immediately after the onset of disease for effectively control the leaf spot disease and increased yield in different commercial cultivars of banana due to the control of the disease (12.35%-15.13% as against the 58.04% in check)
Three sprays of propiconazole (0.1%) at 30 days interval with Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas fluorescens (0.5%) was also effective.

Eumusae (Sigatoka) leaf spot of banana

Fusarium wilt

For Malbhog (Jorhat, Mohanpur and Pusa) and Martaman (Mohanpur) cvs of banana, the advisory for management of wilt suggested the use of disease free sucker from disease free field, dipping of suckers in carbendazim (0.2% for 45 minutes) followed by drenching with carbendazim (0.2%) at 5^th, 7^th and 9^th months after planting.
The ICAR-AICRP centres at Bhubaneshwar (Grand Naine) and Coimabatore (Rsathali) advocated cleaning the roots of suckers followed by dipping in carbendazim (0.2% for 30 minutes) and drenching with carbendazim (0.2%) and carbendazim injection @ 3 ml of 2% solution at 3, 5 and 7 months after planting.

At Kannara, the dipping of suckers in carbendazim (0.1-0.2%), drenching with carbendazim (0.05%) and application of 1kg lime per pit were suggested to manage wilt in Rasthali banana.

Rhizome rot

Technology of using healthy suckers along with drenching of streptocycline 1-2 litres per plant @ 500 ppm (15 days, 2^nd month & 4^th month after planting-MAP) + growing cowpea/sunhemp in the interspaces till 6 months after planting is effective at reducing per cent disease incidence at Arabhavi (10.42% as against 30.56% in Control) and Gandevi (10.74% as against 32.27% in control).
Technology of using healthy suckers along with soil application with 6g bleaching powder 5 times at monthly intervals up to 4 MAP + drenching with streptocycline 1-2 litres /plant (500ppm) at 1^st MAP+ Trichoderma viride (50g/plant at 2^nd, 4^th MAP) + Growing cowpea/ sunhemp in the interspaces till MAP at Coimbatore (16.41% as against 40.25% in Control), Jalgaon (18.30% as against 43.81% in Control) and Mohanpur (0.0% as against 22.22% in Control)

2.2 Citrus

Citrus canker

Alternate spray of COC (0.3%) + streptocyclin (100ppm) and neem seed kernel extract (5%) starting from second fortnight of June up to second fortnight of October at 30 days’ interval was suggested by centres at Ludhiana and Periyakulam.

To manage Citrus canker bacteria, three sprays of COC (0.3%) with streptomycine sulphate (500 ppm) at an interval of 15 days were recommended by Tirupati centre. In nursery, use of NSKE (2%) has been found effective for management of Citrus canker bacteria.

Canker incidence in Citrus

Fungal fruit drop

For reduction of Ambi bahar fungal fruit drop, three sprays of COC (0.3%) or carbendazim (0.1%) at monthly interval starting from July was advised for Nagpur mandarin at Akola.s

Gummosis/Phytophthora root rot

Application of metalaxyl MZ (50 g l^-1) or aliette (50 g l^-1) paste on stem at initiation of disease and second after 30 days from initiation of the disease was recommended for effective management of gummosis in Nagpur mandarin at Akola.
Application of Bordeaux paste (1:1:10) on trunk two times (pre-and post monsoon) along with soil application of Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viride+ Pseudomonas fluorescens (100 g tree^-1) followed by Fosetyl-Al (0.2%) spray was advocated by Akola centre for Nagpur mandarin.

Dry root rot

At Tirupati, treatment with mancozeb (0.25%) drenching followed by incorporation of neem cake (2 kg/tree) in the tree basins was found effective in managing dry root rot. Alternatively, treatment with mancozeb (0.25%) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (100g/tree) was also advocated.

2.3 Grapes

Downy mildew

Downy mildew was managed successfully with spraying of Bordeaux mixture (1%) immediately after October pruning and alternate spray of metalaxyl + mancozeb (0.2%) and alliete (0.2%) + mancozeb (0.2%) at an interval of 10 days upto 70 days.
For the management of downy mildew disease in grape, integrated use of fenamidone (4.44%) + fosetyl Al 71 WDG or famoxadone (16.6%) + cymoxanil (22.1%) SC and azoxystrobin 23 SC (0.5 ml/l) were found effective.

Powdery mildew

Spraying of hexaconazol (0.1%) at 70 days after winter pruning followed by 2 sprays of hexaconazol (0.5%) + potassium bicarbonate (0.5%) at 10 days’ interval and tricure (5 ml l-1) on 20 days prior to harvest was found effective against powdery mildew.
The spray schedule for the management of powdery mildew in grape during last 105 days before harvest without terminal residues is as follows.

At 40 days	Fusilazole 40 EC (0. 125ml/l)
At 60 days	Penconazole 10 EC (0.5ml/l) + potassium bicarbonate (5g/l)
At 70 days	Triademefon 25 WP (1g/l)
At 80 days	Hexaconazole 5 EC (1ml/l) + potassium bicarbonate (5g/l)
At 90 days	Myclobutanil 10 WP (0.4g/l)
At 105 & 120 days	Azoxystrobin 23 SC (0.5ml/l) or pyraclostrobin 20% WG (0.5 g/l)

Rust

Spraying of hexaconazole (0.1%) and tridemorph (0.1%) among systemic fungicide and mancozeb (0.2%) among non-systemic was found best to manage rust disease in grapes by the ICAR-AICRP centre at Rajendranagar.

2.4 Guava

Guava wilt

Application of Trichoderma viride along with FYM during planting and at least once in the subsequent year preferably during the onset of monsoon was advocated for suppression of guava wilt at Lucknow and Mohanpur.

2.5 Mango

Powdery mildew

Prophylactic spraying of triadimefon/carbendazim (0.1%) in second or third week of February was advocated for management of powdery mildew of mango at Mohanpur.
Spraying of wettable sulphur (3 g l^-1) twice at an interval of 15 days during flowering was suggested for control of powdery mildew by ICAR-AICRP centre at Sangareddy.

Blossom blight and foliar anthracnose

Two sprays of carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%) @0.2% (2g/l) starting at flowering stage at an interval of 10 days are effective against blossom blight of mango.
Three alternate sprays of carbendazim 50WP (0.1%), propineb 70WP (0.2%) and thiophanate- methyl 80WP (0.1%) at an interval of 10 days given at young vegetative flush stage was effective for the management of mango anthracnose.

Plant protection schedule developed by Vengurle centre for mango blossom blight

Period of spray	Recommended insecticide	Quantity of insecticide per10 l	Remark
First spray at Vegetative Flush stage	Cypermethrin 25% or Fenvelrate 5% or Deltamethrin 2.5%	3 ml 5 ml 9 ml	Spraying on whole tree to control the hopper population
Second spray at bud burst Stage	Quinalphos 25% or Carbaryl 50%	20 ml 20 g	Mixing of 20 g sulphur (80%) or 10 g carbendazim (50%) or 5 ml hexaconazole (5%) or 10 g thiophenate methyl (70%) or 20g propineb (70%) in 10 l solution for control of powdery mildew and anthracnose
Third spray 15 days after 2^ndSpray	Imidachloprid 17.8% or Clothianidin 50%	3 ml 1.2 g
Fourth spray 15 days after 3^{rd Spray}	Thiamethoxam 25%	1 g
Fifth spray 15 days after 4 ^thSpray	Fenthoate 50% or Diamethoate 30%	10ml 10 ml	Mixing of 5ml hexaconazole (5%) or 10 g carbendazim (50%) or 20 g Sulphur (80%) in 10 l solution during 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th spray for control of powdery mildew
Sixth spray if necessary	Use any insecticide from above which is not used for spraying		Spray, if necessary

2.6 Papaya

Papaya ring spot virus

At Pusa, the integrated management package developed to control papaya ring spot virus included raising of papaya seedlings under nylon net (40-60 mesh), spraying of acephate (0.15%) 3 days before planting, growing two rows of Sesbania as border crop and spraying of mixture of urea (10 g/l) + zinc sulphate (1.5 g/l) + boron (1.0 g/l)
The measures like raising maize as border crop around the field one month before planting of papaya, spraying of ZnSO₄ (0.5%), boron (0.1%) at 3^rd and 7^th month after planting and spraying of dimethoate @ 1.5 ml/l proved effective against papaya ring spot virus at Coimbatore
		Papaya ring spot virus

Papaya root rot

At Coimbatore, soil drenching with Bordeaux mixture (1%) or metalaxyl (0.2%) 2 or 4 times at fortnightly intervals was recommended for control of papaya root rot.

2.7 Sapota

Use of bio agents in plant protection

For control of leaf spot disease, spraying of thiophanate methyl (0.1%)/ carbendazim (0.1%) was effective at all the centres