Weed surveillance and monitoring

AAU, Anand

Celosia argentea was found a new weed in middle Gujarat, North Gujarat and some part of Saurastra region. In Kharif season, the weed was invading many crops like maize soybean, pigeonpea, greengram, blackgram in districts of Dahod and Panchmahals. Farmers were using this weed as fodder for cattles and not managing this weed. Celosia may create serious problem in future and need to manage as early as possible by creating awareness among the farming community through effective weed management technology.

CCSHAU, Hisar

No new weed was appeared in any crop at Hisar. Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) was not observed in any of the rice growing districts. Infestation of hemiparasitic weed Striga was not observed in any part of state. Intensity of new weed Lolium spp. was found in wheat and barseem crops in Karnal, Kaithal, Ambala, Yamuna Nagar, Kurukshetra, Rania (Sirsa) and Tohana (Fatehbad) districts. Tomato and brinjal crops in Nuh, Punhana and Ferozepur Jhirka areas of Mewat and Dadri tehsil of Bhiwani district were severely infested with Orobanche spp. caused 30-70 % decrease in fruit yield of both crops. Even taramira, radish, turnip, gobhi sarson and cabbage were found infested with Orobanche but Karan rye field had no infestation of Orobanche.

PAU, Ludhiana

Weed surveillance was carried out in Rabi 2014-15 and Kharif 2015 in Roopnagar, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Nawan Shahar, Ludhiana, Moga, Bathinda, Muktsar and Faridkot districts of Punjab. In wheat, 4 major broad leaf weeds (Cannabis sativa, Chenopodium album, Malva neglecta and Rumex dentatus) and 3 major grass weeds (Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Poa annua) were observed. Two new broadleaf weeds, Lamium amplexicaule in submontaneous area of Pathankot and Galium aparine in Ludhiana and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar districts were observed in wheat. Solanum nigrum and Canabis sativa were also observed in wheat. In transplanted rice, Echinochloa crus-galli was dominated weed flora. In cotton, Ipomoea sp. was recorded. In berseem, Cuscuta sp emerging as problematic weed. Verbesina encelioides emerging as major road-side weed in Ludhiana, Moga, Bathinda, Faridkot and Muktsar districts of Punjab.

GBPUAT, Pantnagar

In the farmer’s field, heavy infestation of Cirsium arvensis, Argemone mexicana and Solanum nigrum were observed. It was also observed that there were moderate to heavy infestation of Parthenium hysterophorus in cultivated area.

IGKV, Raipur

Alternanthra triandra in cropped fields’ especially direct seeded rice which occupies around 70% area in Chhattisgarh, has emerged as a new havoc. Control of this weed after 4-5 leaf stage was difficult with chlorimurom+metsulfuron (Almix), however, 2,4-D was an effective solution for this weed. Other weeds invading the non-cropped area were Malwa pusila, Cenchrus ciliaris in Chhattisgarh plains and Chromolaena odorata entering from southern parts of Chhattisgarh and knocking the door steps of C.G.Plains. The intensity of these weed is multiplying at a rapid pace and replacing Parthenium, hysterophorus.

KAU, Thrissur

Tithonia diversifolia, Ageratum houstonianum, Sphagneticola trilobata and Brugmansia suaveolens were found to be fast spreading in the Idukki district and replacing the natural weeds of the region. However the weed has not spread in Thrissur district.

PJTSAU, Hyderabad

Public distribution systems, procurement centres, FCI godowns, garbage area were selected to monitor appearance of new weed species with fixed points and GPS data. Survey of the fields at Kodicherla, Penjerla and Ranga puram villages revealed that Rottboellia cochinchinensis (locally called as Saddha Gaddi) population has increased tremendously during the past two years and farmers were unable to control this weed. During survey one new weed species was found and identified as Solanum melongena var. insanum (L.).

RVSKVV, Gwalior

No new weed species was seen in any crops at Bhind, Gwalior, Datia and Morena region and Vidisha, Guna and Rajgarh districts in Rabi and Kharif, respectively.

Weed survey, was done in Rabi 2014-15 in wheat and mustard crops of Bhind, Gwalior, Datiaand Morena district of Madhya Pradesh. Phalaris minor, Chenopodium album, Spergula arvensis, Anagallism arvensis, Cyperus rotundus and Asphodelus tenuifolius were found as major weeds in respect to IVI value as well as relative density. In Kharif, weed survey work was done in paddy, soybean, blackgram, pigeonpea and jowar in Guna, Rajgarh and Vidisha districts of Madhya Pradesh. Echinochloa crus-galli was the common weed in all the surveyed crops and disctrict. The second important weed was Dinebra Arabica on the basis of IVI value, found in Jowar, soybean and blackgram crops. Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta abla and Commelina spp. were other major weeds.

MPUAT, Udaipur

Areas of FCI godown, Udaipur, Krishi Upaj Mandi, Udaipur, Krishi Upaj Mandi, Fatehnagar, Udaipur, PDS shop in outerskirt of Udaipur city, viz. Amberi, Vallabh Nagar, Sunderpura, Barapal, Valli, Girwa, Udaipur were surveyed. No new weed flora was observed in these areas.

A survey and surveillance work was undertaken at Salumber, Vallabhnagar and Girwa tehsils during rainy season of 2015. Rainfed maize was the major crop in these tehsils. Echinochloa colona, Eleusine indica, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Chloris barbata, Brachiaria reptans and Cynodon dactylon. Among broad-leaved weeds Commelina diffusa, Trianthema portulacastrum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Physalis minima, Celosia argentia and Corchorus olitorius were major weed species. In non-cropped area, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium were major grassy weeds. Among braod-leaved weed species, Physalis minima, Euphorbia geniculata, Cassia tora, Ipomea spp., Cucumis spp., Tephrosia purpurea and Ziziphus rotundifolia were major species.

AAU, Jorhat

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn, Euphorbia serpens Kunth and Lamium amplexicaule L. were recorded from Assam and Punjab, respectively. Grasses were the most dominant weeds of buckwheat couple with nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus in the entire buckwheat grown areas of Sadiya and constituted more than 60% dominance spectrum compared to the broadleaved weeds. Cynodon dactylon and Eragrostis unioloides were found most troublesome species of the crop, followed by Eleusine indica and C. rotundus. Cyperus rotundus, Celosia argentiaand Cynodon dactylon were the most troublesome weeds of rapeseed inm Tinsukia district. Broadleaved weeds dominated the crop in this region occupying 50% of the total dominance spectrum (SDR) led by C. argentea. Only sedge recorded during early crop growth stage was C. rotundus and possessed 21% SDR, rest 29% SDR was found to be shared by four species of grasses. Citrus (Assam lemon) was infested with Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa followed by rhizomatous fern, Sphaerostephanos unitus during winter season.

BAU, Ranchi

During Kharif 2015, Jharkhand experienced severe drought which resulted in crop damage particularly rice crop. However, where rice was grown as transplanted, it suffered badly owing to appearance of non aquatic weeds like Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Ageratum conyzoides, Stellaria media and even Alternathera sessilis also appeared. Swine cress (Coronopus dydimus) has been found to develop resistance against spray of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence.

Study on weed seed bank in conservation agriculture systems under different tillage system revealed that conventional method of tillage recorded reduced grassy, broad leaved as well as total weeds as compared to zero tillage (Fig 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Emergence of weeds in conservation agriculture systems under different tillage system

Severe infestation of Orobanche was found in tomato and brinjal crops. Orobanche was not infesting other solanacious crops like, potato and chilli and also mustard which are also susceptible to Orobanche. Cassia tora was found to replace Parthenium hysterophorus on non-crop lands. Similarly, it was also observed that where dominance of Hyptis suaveolence or Leonotis nepetifolia exists, there Parthenium hysterophorus did not grow.

RAU, Pusa

No new weed species were appeared during weed surveillance and monitoring.

A survey of weed flora in field crops of wheat, Rabi maize + potato inter cropping, mustard and lentil was conducted in East Champaran and West Champaran districts during Rabi 2015-16. In Kharif 2015 survey was made in Lakhisarai and Munger districts of Bihar covering direct seeded rice, transplanted rice, Kharif pigeonpea and sugarcane crops. In wheat, Physalis minima, Launea pinnatifida, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum and Anagallis arvensis were the dominant broad leaved weeds of wheat field and their IVI were 17.4, 17.2, 15.8, 15.3 and 11.9, respectively. Grassy weeds like, Cynodon dactylon, Avena fatua and Phalaris minor were also found as dominant weeds in wheat with IVI 16.9,13.2 and 11.4, respectively and only one sedge (Cyperus rotundus) was found with IVI, 11.2. In the mustard crop, higher IVI value was observed in Digitaria sanguinalis (15.7) and Avena fatua (15.47) among grasses. Only one sedge (Cyperus rotundus) was found with its IVI 23.5.

In rice, highly dominant weed species were Echinocloa colona, Echinochloa glabrescens, Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus followed by Cyperus iria with IVI values of 19.8, 16.9 and 15.8 and 15.7 and 13.2,m respectively. Among the broad leaved weeds, prevalent weed species were Caesulia axillaris (13.2), Amaranthus spinosus (11.6) and Cleome viscosa (11.2). Sugarcane was infested with Cynodon dactylon (25.2). Among sedges, dominant weed species were Cyperus rotundus (24.3) followed by Cyperus iria (17.1). Among BLWs, dominant weed species were Abutilon indicum (24.9) followed by Physalis minima (22), Launea pinnatifida (19.3), Euphorbia hirta (18.9) and Solanum nigrum (18.2) (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Dominancy spectrum of the weed flora of sugarcane in Kharif 2015

Weed type	RD	RF	IVI	Density /m2
Grasses
Cynodon dactylon	12.75	12.50	25.25	9.09
Sedges
Cyperus iria	9.63	7.50	17.13	6.87
Cyperus rotundus	14.37	10.00	24.37	10.25
BLWs
Solanum nigrum	8.20	10.00	18.20	5.85
Physalis minima	9.52	12.50	22.02	6.79
Abutilon indicum	12.45	12.50	24.95	8.88
Euphorbia hirta	8.93	10.00	18.93	6.37
Croton bonplandianum	7.08	7.50	14.58	5.05
Launea pinnatifida	9.27	10.00	19.27	6.61
Melilotus alba	7.78	7.50	15.28	5.55

RD= Relative Density, RF=Relative frequency, IVI= Importance Value Index

SKUAST, Jammu

Survey of Jammu district was done for monitoring of appearance of new weed species during 2015-16 and Euphorbia hirta, Physalis minima, Ipomea spp., Solanum nigrum, Ageratum conyzoides, Phylanthus niruri were found in Railway track (Table1.2).

Table 1.2 Weed species recorded in bench-mark survey in khaif – 2015 at places of high risks in Jammu district

Name of Location	GPS coordinates	Weed species
FCI godowns
Nagrota	N 320 48’ 25.4” and E 740 55’ 23.1” Elevation*-344 m	Portulaca oleracea, Commelina benghalensis, Achyranthus aspera, Calatropis gigyantia,Casia tora, Ageratum conizoides, Solanum nigrum, Malvestrum, Amaranthus viridis, Sida acuta
Railway station	N 320 41’ 48.8” and E 740 53’ 05” Elevation-327.1 m	Euphorbia hirta, Physalis minima, Ipomea spp., Solanum nigrum, Ageratum conizoides,Phylanthus niruri
Birpur	N 320 39’ 32” and E 740 56’ 46” Elevation-400 m	Parthenium hysterophorus, Achyranthus aspera, Calatropis gigyantia, Physalis minima, Tridex spp.
Chatha	N 320 40’ 31.3” and E 740 49’ 39.9” Elevation-278.1 m	Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Euphorbia spp., Rumex spp., Xanthium strumarium, Coronopus didymus, Elusine indica, Parthenium hysterophorus, Setaria glauca.
Public distribution system godowns of state govt.
MAM college	N 320 43’ 3.4” and E 740 51’ 43.3” Elevation-307 m	Elusine indica, Solanum nigrum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum spp.
Warehouse	N 320 42’ 53.6” and E 740 51’ 30.5”) Elevation-295 m	Setaria glauca, Elusine indica, Solanum nigrum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum spp., Datura spp., Tridex spp., Lantana camara, Malvestrum, Euphorbia hirta.
Chatha	N 320 40.2’ 29.6” and E 740 49’ 35.3” Elevation-282.3 m	Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Calotropis spp., Euphorbia spp., Malvestrum spp., Rumex spp., Xanthium strumarium, Coronopus didymus, Elusine indica, Parthenium hysterophorus, Seteria glauca,
Garbage area
Bhagwati Nagar	N 320 43’ 17.2” and E 740 49’ 37.6”	Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Calotropis spp., Euphorbia spp., Malvestrum spp., Rumex spp..
State govt. small ruminants butchery
Shakuntala	N 320 44’ 11” and E 740 52’ 45” Elevation-350 m	Rumex spp., Xanthium strumarium, Solanum nigrum, Coronopus didymus.
Gujarnagar	N 320 43’ 35” and E 740 52’ 14.1” Elevation-392 m	Not found

TNAU, Coimbatore

Survey was carried out throughout the year in Coimbatore, Tirupur and Erode districts covering potential weed threat areas in 12 locations at cropped area, non-cropped area and garbage areas.

i) Cropped area

Parthenium hysterophorus (20.2) was with relatively higher SDR than all other broad leaved weeds. Cyperus rotundus (19.2) was the only sedge found in the survey area. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (10.7) had relatively higher SDR than all other grassy weeds in cropped area.

ii) Non-cropped area

Parthenium hysterophorus registered higher (19.2) SDR. In grasses, Cynodon dactylon recorded higher (16.2) SDR than other grasses. Cyperus rotundus (7.1) was the only sedge weed found in non-cropped area.

iii) Garbage area

Parthenium hysterophorus recorded higher SDR (19.4) followed by Alternanthera pungens (17.2). In grasses, Cynodon dactylon (14.6) and among sedge, Cyperus rotundus (9.4) was found in garbage area.

There was no new weed species noticed in all the three districts of study areas.

UAS, Raichur

No new weed appearance was noticed at places of high risks like, FCI godowns, nearby area of public distribution systems and garbage area at Raichur.

NDUAT, Fiazabad

At Barabanki, Amethi, Jaunpur and Varanasi districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Eichnochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eclipta alba, Commelina benghalensis and Cyperus species were found to be highly dominating over other weed species present in rice. Echinochloa species were the most dominant weed in all the districts with a weed density of 19-46 plants/m2, relative density 4-10% with IVI values ranged from 12-26.9%. Broad leaf weeds viz. Commelina benghalensis and Eclipta alba and in sedges Cyperus spp. occurred at all the sites surveyed. In all the districts, Caesulia axillaris, Ludwigia parviflora and Alternenthra spp. were also observed though their density and IVI values varied. Among the sedges, Cyperus rotundus and Fimbristylis spp. were also found in all the districts. Weedy rice has also been noticed in low lying areas of eastern UP districts district. Among the broad leaf weeds, Chenopodium album, Anagallis arvensis, Phyllanthus niruri and Fumaria parviflora were found in the dominating proportion in almost all the districts. Density of Phyllanthus niruri was 33 to 35 plant/m2 in Barabanki and Amethi districts.

Weed surveillance studies revealed that due to continuous use of isoproturon in wheat from then last 22 years, poor efficacy against P. minor at some locations was reported but other herbicides such as, sulfosulfuron at 25 g/ha as well as clodinafop at 60g/ha found very effective to control this weed. Due to continuous use of rice herbicides, viz. butachlor and oxydiarzyl, infestaiton of sedges and broad leaved weeds like Eclipta alba, Ammania baccifera, Cucumus mello and Scirpus tuberosus are increasing every year. Amine formulation of 2,4-D was the most preferred herbicides by farmers to control sedges particularly Cyperus and Scirpus and broadleaf weeds in rice crop. Infestation of dicotyledonous weeds eg. Solanum nigrum, Malwa perviflora and Lathyrus aphaca (Jangli matar) was more in wheat fields planted by zero till method and only carfentrazone was found effective against these weeds.

BAU, Sabour

Survey was undertaken in the fields of farmers in Bhagalpur and Banka districts during Rabi 2014-15. Major crops and cropping systems was rice – wheat, rice- lentil, rice – chickpea, Rabi maize, paira linseed and mustard. No new weed species was observed during survey in both the districts. However, major presence of Parthenium hysterophorus was noticed in fallow land near road side field

In crop field, dominant weed flora in wheat were Chenopodium album, Rumex dentatus, Medicago denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Coronopus didymus and Fumaria parviflora. In Chickpea and lentil,Chenopodium album, Rumex dentatus, Vicia sativa, Vicia hirsuta, Medicago denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Coronopus didymus and Polypogon monspeliensis were dominant weeds. Zero till wheat was severely infested with Polypogon monspeliensis and Rumex dentatus. On the basis of IVI values and relative density, dominants weeds were Echinochloa colona, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Corchorus olitorius, Caesulia axillaris and Dactyloctenium aegyptium in direct seeded rice. Floristic composition of grasses, sedges and BLW were 37.4, 26.6 and 36%, respectively.

AAU, Anand

In some parts of state, farmers growing wheat crop and using continuous 2,4-D and metsulfuronmethyl to control dicot weeds were facing problem of monocot weeds in their fields.

AAU, Jorhat

Broad-leaved weed population as well as total weed population was decreased gradually in autumn rice after 2007 and in Kharif rice after 2005 in all the treatments that received butachlor, pretilachlor and 2,4-D. There was heavy reduction of grasses indicated that double cropping as well as continuous use of herbicides in rice cropping were effective in controlling grassy weeds.

Application of butachlor in both the rice seasons successfully eliminated several problematic weeds from the field exhausting their soiled seed bank. As a result, perennial grasses like Axonopus compressus, Panicum repens and Paspalum conjugatum disappeared from the field within 4-5 years of experimentation, Isachne himalaica and Hymanachne acutigluma within 5-6 years and Echinochloa crus-galli, Rottboelia exaltata, Isachne globosa and probably Oryza rufipogon complex, within 8-9 years. Reappearance of O. rufipogon complex was occasionally noticed in recent years, and that might be from the external sources viz. seed and seedling contamination. Continuous use of butachlor + 2,4-D also eliminated Cyperus difformis and C. platystylis at 4 and 8 years after the date of start of the experiment. Ceratophyllum- Utriculria complex, submerged juvenile plants of Monochoria vaginalis and Sagittaria guayanensis and Scirpus spp. escaped from the toxicity of these herbicides. Rotation of butachlor + 2,4-D by pretilachlor reduced the population of Cuphea balsamona, Monochoria vaginalis and Sagittaria guayanensis and to some extent the aquatic fern, Marsilia minuta.

PJTSAU, Hyderabad

In maize crop, based on IVI values, Cyperus rotundus was found to be ecologically more dominant till end of the crop growing season followed by Dactylactenium aegyptium at 30 DAT, Parthenium hysterophorus and Cynodon dactylon upto 60 DAT and Echinochloa colona at 90 DAS. Increased relative density of Cynodon dactylon was observed with application of FYM + vermicompost + neemcake (Each equivalent to 1/3rd N)+ agronomic practices for weed and pest control and application of 50% N as FYM + biofertilizer for N (Azospirillum) + rockphosphate for P + PSB at end of the crop growing season. During entire crop season relatively less density of broad leaved weeds were observed except during early stages.

BAU, Ranchi

In upland rice field of Ranchi-Gumla route, Mollugo (IVI 35.7%), Ammannia baccifera (IVI 19 %), Fimbristylis miliacea (IVI 15.4%) were dominant, while in transplanted rice, Cynodon dactylon (IVI 44.1%), Ludwigia parviflora (IVI 21.7%), Digitaria sanguinalis (IVI 17.6%) were dominant. In mustard crop, average IVI value of dominated weeds were: Mollugo (IVI 35.8%), Cynodon dactylon (IVI 17.4%), in ginger crop, Ageratum conyzoides (IVI 22.4%), in maize Ageratum conyzoides (IVI 13.3%), Cynodon dactylon (IVI 22.9%), Spilanthes acmella (IVI 10.8%). In transplanted rice of Ranchi – Rukka – Ramgarh Route Ludwigia parviflora (IVI 40.5%), Spilanthes acmella (IVI 28.2%), Cyperus sp. (IVI 29%), Ammannia baccifera (IVI 18.5% ), in mustard, Stellaria media (IVI 30.3%), Poa annua (IVI 35.8%), Alternenthera (IVI% 18.9), in onion Coronopus didymus (IVI 25%) Amaranthus viridis (IVI 22.8%) and Chenopodium album (IVI 17.8%) were dominant.

RAU, Pusa

During Kharif, initially dominant weed species were Echinochloa colona, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Eleusine indica and Amaranthus viridis but with the passage of time Caesulia axillaris and Cleome viscosa were emerged as the dominant weeds in transplanted rice. During Rabi, initially dominate weeds were Rumex dentatus, Chenopodium album, Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Melilotus alba, Melilotus indica, Canabis sativa and Avena fatua but with the passage of time weed shift was observed and there were dominancy of Physalis minima, Phalaris minor, Solanum nigrum, Launea pinnatifida and Cirsium arvense due to weed management practices.

CCSHAU, Hisar

In Kalka, Panchkula, Raipur Rani and Chhachrouli areas of Panchkula districts, weed flora has been shifted towards Eleusine indica, Brachiaria reptans, Cleome viscose and Commelina benghalensis due to continuous use of atrazine in maize crop. Pea crop in north-eastern districts of state was severely infested with grassy as well as broadleaf weeds, viz. P. minor, Poa annua, Polypogon monspliensis, Coronopus didymus, Malwa parviflora, Medicago denticulata, etc. due to addition of FYM and its succession after rice. Wheat and mustard crops in Gurgaon, Mewat, Rewari and Narnaul areas were severely infested with thorny weed, Carthamus oxycantha and deep rooted perennial weed Pluchea lanceolata. In berseem fodder, C. didymus was replacing C. intybus as a major weed. Cuscuta sp. Is emerging as a new weed. Pearlmillet and sorghum crops in Mewat area was severely infested with Eleusine indica, Digera arvensis, Commelina diffusa and Phyllanthus niruri. In north-eastern Haryana, Ageratum conyzoides has invaded sugarcane fields also.

IGKV, Raipur

In sixth year of long-term herbicide trial in DSR-chickpea cropping system, aggressive appearance of Celosia argntea was noticed in Kharif direct seeded rice in 2015, which caused suppression of Alternanthera sp. in the early growth stage of crop.

RVSKVV, Gwalior

In some places, mustard is being replaced by gwar-wheat, pigeon pea- mustard and blackgrammustard cropping system due to availability of irrigation facilities. Therefore, Orobanche become as a minor weed of mustard in this area. In mono-cropping system also Orobanchewas not the major weed.

TNAU, Coimbatore

Monitoring of weed flora was done in the ongoing permanent herbicide trial with rice-rice cropping system. Echinochloa colona and Leptochloa chinensis under grasses and Cyperus iria under sedges found in the first crop were completely lacking in the 30th (Rabi 2014-15) crop. Echinochloa crus-galli in grasses, Cyperus difformis in sedges and Ammania baccifera, Marselia quadrifolia in broad leaved weeds continued to persist in the field throughout the period of study.

KAU, Thrissur

Infestation of broadleaved weeds was more than grasses and sedges in Palakkad, Thrissur, Wayanad and Idukki districts. In the high range areas of Kerala, based on SDR values, Spilanthes radicansand Ageratum conyzoides emerged as the most dominant broad leaved weed species of ginger in Wayanad area (SDR: 27.1 and 23.9, respectively). Other important weed species observed in these districts were Crassocephalum crepidioides, Scoparia dulcis, Erigeron canadensis, Mimosa pudica, Blumea sp., Ludwigia parviflora, Spermacoce ocymoides and Digitaria ciliaris. These weeds were typical of high range areas because of the favorable climatic conditions. Ageratum conyzoides, Scoparia dulcis, Ludwigia parviflora, Cyperus iria, Mimosa pudica and Eragrostis japonica were seen both in plains and high ranges. These weeds were usually seen in annual crops like vegetables, tubers, spices etc. Distribution of these weeds was not affected by variation in climate or soil type, they mainly grow in association with the crops.

PAU, Ludhiana

In 2004, Phalaris minor and Rumex dentatus were major weeds in wheat. In 2015, Poa annua, Avena ludoviciana, Medicago denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Coronopus didymus, Malva parviflora, Oenothera laciniata and Fumaria parviflora were recorded. In 2004, Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus iria, Ischaemum rugosum and Caesulia axillaris were major weeds in rice fields. In 2015, Ammania baccifera, Alternanthera sp. and Cyperus compressus also recorded. L. chinensis, Trianthema portulacastrum and I. rugosum recorded in weed seed bank.

AAU, Anand

Escape incidences of monocot weed Commelina benghalensis after application of recommended herbicides in different crops were observed at farmers and experimental fields. Escape of dicot weed Digera arvensis was observed in the experimental field as a result of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin.

AAU, Jorhat

Glyphosate resistant weed Dichanthium assimile was found to spread to Katlichera and vicinity of Hailakandi districts. Panicum repens was found escaped from the efficacy of glyphosate through its deep placing rhizome complex. Sedge species belonging to Scirpus and suspended weed complex belonging to Ceratophyllum, Utricularia, etc. were recorded as escape of resistant to the combine effect of butachlor, pretilachlor and 2,4-D long-term herbicidal trial in rice-rice cropping sequence.

BAU, Ranchi

Cynadon dectylon, Commelina benghalensis and Conyza bonariensis were found to resistant to herbicides due to application of glyphosate in noncropped area. Major weeds during Kharif were Echinocloa crus-gali, Ageratum conyzoides, Spilanthes acmella, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea, Marselia quadrifolia, etc.

RAU, Pusa

No herbicides resistance was observed under dominant cropping system.

PJTSAU, Hyderabad

No weed species showed resistance to commonly used herbicide under farmer field conditions.

IGKV Raipur

In Chhattisgarh, no incidences of herbicide resistance were found at on and off-farm.

CCSHAU, Hisar

Phalaris minor has developed resistance against clodinafop-propargyl in Kaithal , Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Panipat and parts of Sonipat, Fatehbad, Ambala and Sirsa districts of state. To control resistance problem against clodinafop at farmers fields, use of mesosulfuron +iodosulfuron (RM) 14.4 g/ha, sulfosulfuron+metsulfuron (RM) at 40 g/ha and pinoxaden at 70 g/ha was effective and exhibited 85% control and good yields. In some areas of rice-wheat cropping, farmers have started using double the recommended dose of clodinafop or sequential application/tank mix of clodinafop and sulfosulfuron and metribuzin for control of P. minor; even these mixtures were not working well. The problem was worse in areas under continuous use of a particular herbicide. In wheat crop, infestation of dicotyledonous weed Solanum nigrum was increasing due to continuous use of metsulfuron or 2, 4-D by the farmers and only carfentrazone was found effective to control these weeds in north-eastern Haryana.

Tomato crop infested with Orobanche in Mewat Solanum nigrum new wheat weed Ageratum infestation in ratoon sugarcane.

RVSKVV, Gwalior

No resistance against used herbicides was recorded at farmer’s field.

TNAU, Coimbatore

Herbicide resistant / escape of weeds have not been found weeds of the dominant cropping systems of Coimbatore districts.

UAS, Bengaluru

Herbicide resistance or escapes in weeds in rice-rice, rice-sugarcane cropping systems in Bhadra command area of Kathalagere, Davangere district and Cauvery command area in Mandya district were not obserbed.

UAS, Raichur

No particular weed was found to be in the form of poor control for the herbicides applied, which was earlier controlled with the same herbicide.

NDUAT, Faizabad

Seeds of P. minor were collected from the farmers fields during the winter season of 2014-15 from different localities in the districts of Faizabad, and Amethi and evaluated against isoproturon at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ha. Emergence of P. minor plants took place in the range of 5.0 to 8.5 per pot in case of lowest dose of isoproturon (0.5 kg /ha) while in case of higher doses (1.5 kg /ha), very effective control of P. minor was recorded and none of the P. minor plant was observed at all the six locations from where soil samples were collected. However, at recommended dose of IPU (1 kg /ha), few P. minor plants were recorded ranging from 2.0-4.5%. Resistance against the isoproturon was not supposed to be there N (Table 1.3.1).

Table 1.3.1 Survival of P. minor plants after isoproturon application at different doses

Site	No. of plants survived (out of 20 seeds)
	I0	I1	I2	I3
Faizabad
S1	19	6	0	0
S2	18	5	0.4 (2%)	0
S3	19	7	0.8 (4%)	0
Amethi
S4	16	8	0	0
S5	18	8	0.8 (4%)	0
S6	19	8.5	0.9 (4.5%)	0

PAU, Ludhiana

Seven herbicides viz. isoproturon, clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, pinoxaden, mesosulfuron+ iodosulfuron and metribuzin+ fenoxaprop were sprayed at recommended doses, across the rows at 30 days after sowing of P. minor. Dry matter accumulation was minimum in metribuzin+fenoxaprop and caused >90 % mortality to all P. minor populations. Isoproturon, fenoxaprop and clodinafop recorded <40% control indicated development of cross resistance. Pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron+ iodosulfuron recorded 70% mortality (Table 1.3.2). weed populations differed significantly in their response to herbicides with respect to mortality and dry matter accumulation. Isoproturon and clodinafop exhibited satisfactory control of only one biotype (P₁) and fenoxaprop of 3 (P₁, P₃ and P₅ ). Pinoxaden caused >70% mortality of all populations except P₈.  Sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron provided satisfactory control of all biotypes except P₂ and P8. This indicated that

Table 1.3.2 Percent mortality and biomass of P. minor under different herbicides

Treatment	Percent mortality (20 DAS)	Biomass (mg/plant) (30 DAS)
Weed control (dose g/ha)
Unsprayed control	0	1309
Isoproturon (980)	22.8	643
Clodinafop (60)	33.2	651
Fenoxaprop –p-ethyl (100)	41.3	690
Pinoxaden (50)	71.2	285
Sulfosulfuron (25)	67.5	446
Mesosulfuron+ iodosulfuron (14.4)	69.5	498
Metribuzin+fenoxaprop-p-ethyl(275)	95.3	119
SEm±	1.5	14
LSD (p=0.05)	4.3	38
P. minor populations
P1	78.3	441
P2	37.7	615
P3	54.6	532
P4	49.6	548
P5	57.7	561
P6	50.0	568
P7	49.6	577
P8	30.0	725
P9	46.0	630
P10	47.5	606
SEm±	1.7	15
LSD (p=0.05)	4.8	43

pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron may meet same future as that of isoproturon, clodinafop and fenoxaprop.

Fv/Fm values of P₈ population which was resistant to all herbicides except metribuzin+ fenoxaprop were recorded at 24 hrs after spray, 5 days after spray (DAS) and 15 DAS. Only metribuzin+ fenoxaprop caused significant reduction in Fv/Fm ratio as compared to unsprayed control at 24 hrs and 5 DAS. Isoproturon failed to cause any decrease in Fv/Fm ratio indicated resistance in P. minor. At 15 DAS, fenoxaprop, clodinafop and pinoxaden caused <10% decrease in Fv/Fm ratio indicated these herbicides did not show much phytotoxic effect. At 15 DAS, sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron and metribuzin+fenoxaprop caused 17, 15 and 79% reduction in Fv/Fm ratio compared to unsprayed control indicated damage to PSII and photo-inhibition that consequently resulted in mortality of P.minor plants (Table 1.3.3)

Table 1.3.3 Chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio) of P. minor population (P₈ ) under different herbicide treatments

Herbicides dose (g/ha)	24 hrs after spray	5 DAS	15 DAS
Control	0.739	0.705	0.711
Isoproturon (980)	0.741	0.708	0.694
Clodinafop (60)	0.735	0.710	0.663
Fenoxaprop –p-ethyl (100)	0.731	0.706	0.673
Pinoxaden (50)	0.735	0.706	0.646
Sulfosulfuron (25)	0.737	0.699	0.593
Mesosulfuron+ iodosulfuron (14.4)	0.736	0.701	0.604
Metribuzin+Fenoxaprop(275)	0.437	0.262	0.147
SEm±	0.01	0.04	0.01
LSD (p=0.05)	0.02	0.09	0.03